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Date: 1450~ Contributing Institution: Mount Angel Abbey Library Description: The standard English style of illumination practiced during the fifteenth century is readily distinguishable from its counterparts on the continent. The surging, rhythmic leaf patterns, sharply pointed initials, and explosive vine ornament are as aggressive as the Gothic book hand of the text. The broad tones of pastel, the softly modeled, voluminous foliage, the spherical, lobed forms and golden discs are typical of English work from the 1440’s onward. The potential subtlety of this otherwise forceful style is apparent in the delicate rendering of a cleric’s head emerging from the soft leaf patterns of an initial painted in monochromatic tones of rose (45v). The first leaf done in a contemporary, though different, hand refers to King Henry VI (†1463), Henry VII (reigned 1485-1509), and the English “sweating sickness” that struck in the 1480’s. Furthermore, the calendar includes notations of deaths in the Paston, Berney, and Mumford families — one referring to the death of Margaret Paston whose will, according to an enclosed letter form the British Records Office, was written in 1482. Margaret’s husband John Paston was legal counsel to Henry VII. Hence the manuscript was likely in use by the last two decades of the century. A close association between the Pastons and Bromholm priory, Norfolk, suggests this as an early and possibly original provenance for the manuscript. View Full Item at Mount Angel Abbey Library -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Twenty-two Protestant martyrs wait for death. These Protestants are roped together and led from Colchester (Essex) to London for interrogation by Bishop Bonner. The group is led and followed by officials on horseback and also accompanied by another official on foot. The engraving includes scripture at the top of the image that reads "Ye shall be led before Princes and Rulers for my Names Sake. Matthew 10." Revised version of Luborsky and Ingram 11222/48 and 11223/95, which appear in all four early English editions (1563. 1570, 1576, 1583). JPEG file (471 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: “The description of Dr. Cranmer, how he was plucked down from the stage, by Friars and Papists, for the true Confessions of his faith.” While Doctor Henry Cole ("D. Cole.") preaches from a pulpit, Cranmer (“Dr. Cranmer”) is pulled down from the stage by friars and clerics and arrested for the true confession of his faith. A congregation and a group of clerics observe Cranmer's arrest. The event occurs at the University Church of St. Mary, in Oxford. Revised version of Luborsky and Ingram 11222/43 and 11223/87, which appear in all four early English editions (1563, 1570, 1576, 1583). JPEG file (515 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: “Seven Godly and constant Martyrs, suffering at one fire together in Smithfield.” Encircled by bundles of faggots, the seven martyrs, including at least one woman, stand back-to-back and chained to three stakes. Each of the martyrs is fully clothed and is identified as (from the top, clockwise): “B. Green,” "Whittle," "Went," "Isab," "Foster," "I. Warne," and "T. Brown.” A richly dressed man sits atop a horse at the right of the image and appears to be administering the execution. A group of observers consisting of both soldiers and civilians surrounds the pyre. Unlike earlier woodcut editions of this illustration, the names of the martyrs are included. Revised version of Luborsky and Ingram 11222/42 and 11223/85, which appear in all four early English editions (1563, 1570, 1576, 1583). JPEG file (541 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Margery Polley, fully clothed with hands upraised and tears streaming down her face, stands chained to the stake at Tonbridge. While the flames engulf her and a large black cloud of smoke hovers above her, a crowd of soldiers surrounds her and watches her burn. Revised version of Luborsky and Ingram 11223/73 which appears in the second (1570), third (1576), and fourth (1583) early English editions. In the earlier woodcut editions, Polley's arms are folded across her chest rather than extended upward. JPEG file (52.7 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Thomas Haukes, bare-chested and with arms raised above his head (possibly grasping the stake or clasped together in prayer), burns at the stake at Coxehall in Essex. As he is engulfed in flames he cries "Lord receive my Spirit." He is surrounded by a rowdy crowd of soldiers on foot and on horseback. A black cloud hovers above Haukes. The caption of the image indicates that this martyrdom took place on June 10th, 1555. Revised design of Luborsky and Ingram 11222/31 and 11223/69, which appear in all four early English editions (1563, 1570, 1576, 1583). JPEG file (412 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Doctor Rowland Taylor, clothed in a robe and with hands raised and outstretched as in blessing, is burned at the stake at Hadley “for Testimony of the Gospell [Gospel]” on February 9, 1555. As flames engulf him and a dark cloud of smoke hovers above him, he says, “Mercifull [Merciful] father for Iesus [Jesus] sake receive my soule [soul].” A crowd of soldiers and civilians observes—some on foot and others on horseback. Revised version of Luborsky and Ingram 11222/26 and 11223/62, which appear in the first through fourth editions (1563, 1570, 1576, and 1583). JPEG file (357 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: “The manner of burning Anne Askew, Iohn [John] Lacels, Iohn [John] Adams, & Nicolas Beleman, with certane [certain] of y [the] counsel [council] sitting in Smithfield.” This aerial view of Smithfield shows the martyrs tied to the stake. All four have their hands clasped in prayer while soldiers are carrying bundles of wood and placing them around the feet of the four martyrs. A large crowd encircles the arena surrounding the martyrs and soldiers on foot and horseback stand outside of the large circle. Several buildings are in the background with onlookers peering through the windows. Revised version of Luborsky and Ingram 11222/21 and 11223/54, which appear in all four of the early English editions (1563, 1570, 1576, 1583). JPEG file (421 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Laurence Saunders, fully clothed with hands clasped as in prayer, is tied to the stake at Coventry. Saunders is facing the left of the image. The executioner nails the chain to the stake while Saunders proclaims: “Welcome life." He is surrounded by a rowdy crowd of soldiers and civilians, a few of whom appear to be arguing with each other at the right hand side of the image. A richly dressed man in a fur-lined coat sits atop a horse and appears to be supervising the burning. Revised design of Luborsky and Ingram 11222/24 and 11223/60, which appear in all four early English editions (1563, 1570, 1576, 1583); in the woodcut illustrations, Saunders is facing the right of the image and, in the OSU Libraries’ copy, the banderole from his mouth says: “"o lord resi[e]ve my soule [O lord receive my soul]." JPEG file (35.1 KB) -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: This tipped-in fold-out illustrates five separate scenes that took place at Windsor Castle. A cartouche spanning the top of the foldout states: "The description of Windsor Castle. The condemning of Anthony Person, Marbecke, Testwood, and Filmer; with y [the] burning of the said Person Testwood, and Filmer, under the Castle of Windsor, here lively described. Marbecke saved by the Kings [King's] Pardon." Images of the Royal Arms flank this title and above it is a directive to the printer to “Place this between Fol. 468 and 469 in the 2d Volume.” Below the heading is a panoramic view of the castle itself which includes a scene in the far left in which a boy sits in a tree and observes the burning of three men. A scene in the lower left-hand corner has the heading: "Anthony Person, Marbecke, Testwood and Filmer, condemned by Doctor Capon, Bishop of Sarnum: Facel giving judgment." The heading for the scene in the lower center states: "D. London and Simons riding about the Market place with papers on their heads, for perjury, and secret practising [practicing] against certaine [certain] of the privy Chamber." And in the lower right-hand scene: "Robert Ockam standing in the Pillory in the Towne of Newberry, where he was borne for the licke offence [like offense]." Revised version of Luborsky and Ingram 11224/4, which appears in the third (1576) and fourth (1583) early English editions. JPEG file (1.54 MB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: A single man, known as “Peake,” is chained to the stake at Ipswich. Fully clothed, he extends his arms out toward the crowd that is gathered beneath him. In earlier editions this martyrdom is illustrated by Luborsky and Ingram 11223/18, which appears in the second (1570), third (1576), and fourth (1583) early English editions. Revised design of Luborsky and Ingram 11223/14, but differs from the revision used to illustrate "The burning of John Castellane." JPEG file (435 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: “Robert King, Robert Debnam, and Nicholas Marsh hanged for taking downe the Rood of Dovercourt.” These three men hang by the chest from separate gallows while a crowd of onlookers, mostly soldiers, stand behind them and three men, including a man of the church, stand is front of them. The destroyed rood and crucifix also burn in a fire in the lower left-hand corner of the image. Revised design of Luborsky and Ingram 11222/16 and 11223/46, which appear in all four early English editions (1563, 1570, 1576, 1583). JPEG file (469 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: A barebacked man, blood streaming down his back, walks past a crowd of onlookers while carrying a taper and being flogged by a man marked "Somner [Summoner]" who walks behind him. Although the engraving is marked as the penance of Thomas Pye and John Mendham, only one penitent is pictured in the illustration and it is therefore unclear who the image represents. This is very similar to the engraving titled "Displing of John Florence," yet is a different revision of Luborsky and Ingram 11223/15. This martyrdom is represented by Luborsky and Ingram 11223/17 in the second edition (1570) and by Luborsky and Ingram 11223/15 in the third and fourth English editions (1576, 1583). JPEG file (455 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: William White, a priest and Lollard heretic, is clothed and, with his arms outstretched to the left, stands chained to a stake which is surrounded by bundles of faggots. Four kneeling men have their arms reaching toward him, perhaps in supplication or in praise. Soldiers stand nearby with weapons. This is very similar to the engraving used to depict the martyrdom of William Tailor [Taylor], yet it is a different revision of Luborsky and Ingram 11223/16. JPEG file (494 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: “The description of the cruell [cruel] Martyrdome [Martyrdom] of Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham.” Oldcastle hangs chained from the gallows over an open fire in the Tower of London. He is partially naked and is surrounded by soldiers and civilians. One man holds a whip and others prod the fire. This engraving is a revised version of the woodcut that appears in all early English editions (1563, 1570, 1576, 1583). Revised design of Luborsky and Ingram 11222/10, 11223/13. JPEG file (418 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: William Sawtre, a priest, is fully-clothed and with arms outstretched and chained to a stake. Two men stoke the fire surrounding him. The crowd looking on includes a man on horseback, a man clothed in ecclesiastical garb, many soldiers, other men, and at least one woman. This image may be a redesign of Luborsky and Ingram 11222/5 and 11223/5, which portray an unnamed martyr alone chained to a post amidst flames, saying “Jesu haue mercy [Jesus have mercy]." JPEG file (469 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: "Heptarchia Anglia Saxonica: Or, A Description of England, as it was divided in the Saxons time into Seven Kingdoms," depicts each of the seven kingdoms, including (beginning with the northern part of England and moving clockwise): "The Kingdom of Northumberland," "The Kingdom of Mercia," "The East Angles Kingdom," "East Saxons Kingdom," "The Kingdom of Kent," "The South Saxons Kingdom," and "Kingdom of the West Saxons." The kingdom of Wales, the crest of each kingdom, and the "Pictes Wall" dividing England and Scotland are also depicted. This is a revised and reduced version of the map of the seven Saxon kingdoms of England found in the third (1576) and fourth (1583) early English editions. Revised version of Luborsky and Ingram 11224/1. JPEG file (899 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Foxe lists the names and death dates of Protestant and proto-Protestant martyrs for the months of November and December. JPEG file (1.17 MB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: "The martyrdome of Cicely Ormes at Norwich. An. 1557 September 1557." Cicely [Cicelie] Ormes(“Welcome y [the] Cross of Christ”) stands chained and burning at the stake; large clouds of smoke hover above her head. Fully clothed and with both arms raised above her head, she looks out to the large crowd of soldiers that surrounds her. At the far left a soldier on horseback appears to be administering the martyrdom, while two soldiers at the bottom right of the image are tending the faggots and the fire. Revised version of Luborsky and Ingram 11223/20, which appears twice in the second (1570) and once in the third (1576) and fourth (1583) early English editions. JPEG file (488 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Four men and three women--John Fishcocke, Nicolas Whyte, Nicolas Pardue, Barbara Fynal widow, Wilson’s wife, and Alice Benden--are chained to three stakes and are engulfed by large flames. All seven martyrs are fully clothed. The three men are all chained to the stake at the far left of the image. The four women are chained to two separate stakes and one of them has her arms extended above her head. A crowd of soldiers, gathers below the burning martyrs, some of whom are on horseback, two soldiers tend the fire and faggots. The martyrdom takes place at Canterbury. Revised version of Luborsky and Ingram 11223/96, which appears twice in the second (1570) early English edition. JPEG file (1.21 MB).