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Woodcuts from John Foxe’s Acts and Monuments
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Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Oldcastle hangs chained from a gallows and suspended over a burning pyre. Workers tend the fire, and a supervisor leads his horse nearby. A large crowd of civilians, clerics, and monks observes; some of these figures express alarm, and others express mockery. This woodcut appears in the first through fourth editions (1563, 1570, 1576, and 1583). Luborsky and Ingram 11222/10, 11223/13. JPEG file (1.06 MB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Two guards roast a naked man, whom they have bound to a spit. One of the guards ladles vinegar and salt over the martyr. The bucket containing the vinegar-salt mixture rests at the guard's right knee. [Cartouche: "The rosting of Christians at a low fire, with vineger and salt poured upo[n] their members.78." / "The roasting of Christians at a low fire, with vinegar and salt poured upon their members. 78."]. This woodcut appears on the "Table of the Ten First Persecutions of the Primitive Church" foldout illustration in the second (1570) and fourth (1583) editions. Luborsky and Ingram 11223/1A (detail). JPEG file (622 KB). and "MD" (see "Soldiers drag two Christians by ropes" in this collection). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: "MD" (see "Soldiers drag two Christians by ropes" in this collection). and Two men hang by the waist from a gallows. The man on the left is clothed in loincloth and hangs facing upward, while the man on the right hangs facing downward. (Cartouche: "Some ha[n]ged by the middles. &c.79." ["Some hanged by the middles, etc. 79."]). This woodcut appears on the "Table of the Ten First Persecutions of the Primitive Church" foldout illustration in the second (1570) and fourth (1583) editions. Luborsky and Ingram 11223/1A (detail). JPEG file (211 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Foxe's publisher, John Day, appears in profile in this portrait device, along with a colophon. The cartouche surrounding him reads, "Liefe is deathe and death is liefe: Aetatis suae: XXXX." ["Life is death and death is life: in the 40th year of his life"]. Although Day includes this woodcut in large-format editions of other works, it appears only in the first (1563) and second (1570) editions of the Book of Martyrs. The colophon of the first edition reads, "Imprinted at London by John Day dwelling over Aldersgate beneath Saint Martin's, Anno. 1563. the 20 of March. Cum gratia & privilegio Regiae majestatis. [i.e., With the favor and prerogative of the Queen's majesty.] These books are to be sold at his shop under the gate." No Luborsky and Ingram #. JPEG file (1.42 MB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: "MD" (see "Soldiers drag two Christians by ropes" in this collection). and A man dressed in loincloth lies chained to a wooden platform. Workers with shirt sleeves rolled up lacerate the man by scraping shells across his body. One worker lifts the man's head by the beard. (Cartouche: "Christians scraped with sharpe shelles.79." ["Christians scraped with sharp shells. 79."]). This woodcut appears on the "Table of the Ten First Persecutions of the Primitive Church" foldout illustration in the second (1570) and fourth (1583) editions. Luborsky and Ingram 11223/1A (detail). JPEG file (315 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Flanked by John Day, Foxe, and, possibly, Sir William Cecil, Queen Elizabeth I sits enthroned over the pope, who holds broken keys of his office. An initial "C" frames her in the style of a cornucopia. The dais on which the queen sits contains the xylographic identification, "Elisabetha Regina" ["Queen Elizabeth"]. Elizabeth carries a sword and orb, which symbolize her authority, while serpents entwine the pope as symbols of the alleged "error" of Roman Catholicism. This illustration opens Foxe's dedication to Queen Elizabeth. The text of the dedication evolves over the first four editions of the Book of Martyrs to reflect Foxe's changing views concerning the status of Protestantism in England. The illustration appears in the first through fourth editions (1563, 1570, 1576, and 1583). No Luborsky and Ingram #. JPEG file (538 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: RERVM IN ECCLESIA GEstarum, quæ postremis & periculosis his temporibus euenerunt, maximarumq[ue]; per Europam persecutionum, ac Sanctorum Dei Martyrum, cæterarumq[ue]; rerum si quæ insignioris exempli sint, digesti per Regna & nationes Commentarii. PARS PRIMA In qua primum de rebus per Angliam & Scotiam gestis, atq[ue] in primis de horrenda, sub MARIA nuper Regina, persecutione, narratio continetur. Autore IOANNE FOXO Anglo. BASILEAE, PER NICOLAUM BRYLINGERUM, ET IOANnem Oporinum. [Commentary of matters happening in the church which follow in these latter and dangerous times and of great persecution through Europe and of the Holy Martyrs of God, and of certain matters, whatever might be of significant example, digested for the sake of the Queen and the Nation. Part one, in which first is contained a narration of matters happening throughout England and Scotland, and in particular of the horrible persecution under Mary, once Queen. By the author John Foxe Englishman. At Basle, through (i.e., imprinted by) Nicholaus Brylinger and Johannes Oporinus]. No Luborsky and Ingram #. JPEG file (1.2 MB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: "MD" (see "Soldiers drag two Christians by ropes" in this collection). and A man dressed in loincloth burns in an iron chair. A soldier tends the fire beneath the man, who gazes upward and extends his hands outward in helplessness. (Cartouche: "Maturus & Sanctus fried in an yron chaire. 47." ["Martyrs and saints fried in an iron chair. 47."]). This woodcut appears on the "Table of the Ten First Persecutions of the Primitive Church" foldout illustration in the second (1570) and fourth (1583) editions. Luborsky and Ingram 11223/1A (detail). JPEG file (406 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Flames engulf Haukes ("O Lord, Receiue my spirite." ["O Lord, receive my spirit"]), who burns outside Coxehall in Essex. Haukes raises his arms above his head and gazes upward as he slumps against his chain. A man on horseback supervises the execution, and a crowd of soldiers and alarmed civilians observes. This woodcut appears in the first through fourth editions (1563, 1570, 1576, and 1583). Luborsky and Ingram 11222/31, 11223/69. JPEG file (1.05 MB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: "MD" (see "Soldiers drag two Christians by ropes" in this collection). and Four men stand bound to a pole. Three men are clothed in loincloth, and the fourth stands with his back to the viewer. The man on the far right looks upward, and two of the men wear crowns of thorns. A soldier drives a spear into one of the men, whose blood flows. (Cartouche: "The Christians most cruelly thrust through.89." ["The Christians most cruelly thrust through. 89."]). This woodcut appears on the "Table of the Ten First Persecutions of the Primitive Church" foldout illustration in the second (1570) and fourth (1583) editions. Luborsky and Ingram 11223/1A (detail). JPEG file (502 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Cardmaker ("I. Cardmaker." ["J. Cardmaker"]) stands barefoot before piles of faggots and addresses two richly dressed men on horseback. Chained to a stake among faggots, Warne ("Bevvare of idolatry" ["Beware of idolatry"]) addresses civilians and soldiers, who gesture in return. This woodcut appears in the first through fourth editions (1563, 1570, 1576, and 1583). Luborsky and Ingram 11222/30, 11223/68. JPEG file (980 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Surrounded by freshly lit faggots, Flower ("Lord receiue my spirite." ["Lord receive my spirit."]) stands against a stake and raises his arms upward. Workers add new faggots to the pyre. Flower's right hand has been cut off and impaled on a spear, and his wrist bleeds at its stump. A man on horseback supervises the execution, and a crowd of soldiers and ecclesiastical officials observes. A priest on the far left raises his hand towards Flower. This woodcut appears in the first through fourth editions (1563, 1570, 1576, and 1583). Luborsky and Ingram 11222/29, 11223/67. JPEG file (1.07 MB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Engulfed in flames, Farrar ("O lorde in thee I trust." ["O Lord, in thee I trust."]) slumps against a chain. His skin has almost completely burned away, leaving his skeleton clearly visible. This woodcut appears only in the first edition (1563). It is replaced by "Martyr burns at the stake (6)," from this collection, in the second (1570), third (1576) and fourth (1583) editions. Luborsky and Ingram 11222/27. JPEG file (585 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Taylor ("Mercifull father for Jesus sake, receiue my soule." ["Merciful father for Jesus sake, receive my soul"]) stands among faggots and extends his arms outward. Observing spectators and soldiers anticipate Taylor's execution. Two supervisors direct the preparations from horseback. This woodcut appears in the first through fourth editions (1563, 1570, 1576, and 1583). Luborsky and Ingram 11222/26, 11223/62. JPEG file (1.13 MB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: This full-page woodcut insert depicts the execution of Hugh Latimer, the former Bishop of Worcester, and Nicholas Ridley, the Edwardian Bishop of London. Richard Smith ("Smith.") preaches at a portable pulpit from I Corinthians 13:3 ("Si corp[us] meu[m] tradam igni caritate[m] aute[m] non habea[m] nihil vtilitatis &c." ["If I should surrender my body to the fire and have not charity, however, nothing of usefulness, etc"]). "Ridley" ("In man[us] tuas domine" [In your hand, O Lord]) and "Latimer" ("Father of heue[n] receue my soule" ["Father of heaven, receive my soul"]) stand back to back, chained against a stake, while workers prepare to light the pyre that will consume them. Latimer gestures toward a large crowd of civilians, who are restrained by soldiers, and Ridley motions toward the priest who stands before him and the richly dressed individuals who are seated beyond. One of these ("L. Willia[m]s." ["L[ord] Williams"]) reads from a scroll ("M. Ridley I wil remember your suite." ["M[aster] Ridley, I will remember your suit"]), while others, including Thomas Cranmer, the recently deprived Archbishop of Canterbury ("Cranmar.") ("O Lord strengthen them"), watch from above. The execution occurs outside Oxford. This woodcut appears in the first through fourth editions (1563, 1570, 1576, and 1583). Luborsky and Ingram 11222/38, 11223/81. JPEG file (2.57 MB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Martin Bucer and Paul Fagius were continental Protestant theologians who migrated to England during the reign of Edward VI in order to escape Catholic persecution in Europe. Both died during the period of Edward's rule, at Cambridge, but religious authorities under Queen Mary exhumed their remains and burned them, along with their books, in order to combat their alleged heresies. This full-page woodcut insert records these events. In the upper center of this illustration, smoke rises from a burning pyre ("How M. Bucers and Paulus Phagius bones, were put into two new Coffins, and so bound to a Stake." ["How Martin Bucer's and Paul Fagius's bones were put into two new coffins and so bound to a stake"]). These coffins burn in a fire fueled by the books. A ring of civilians and officials surrounds the burning pyre, and a procession circles the event. A priest or friar carries a consecrated host under a canopy, in the lower right corner of the image, in a manner similar to the procession illustrated by the title page woodcut in this collection. Individuals carry banners and tapers at the front of the train. Friars ("Salue festa dies" / ["Hail, festival day"]) follow, carrying liturgical books that would likely have been written in Latin, a language inaccessible to most lay people at the time. The use of these sanctioned books affords a contrast to the heterodox books of Bucer and Fagius that burn nearby. Xylographic labels ("On afore, On afore," and "Hold up your torches for [i.e., from] dropping") convey orders given to the front of the procession. In an expression of conservative religious devotion, many individuals follow behind, and some kneel beside. The scene occurs in the town square at Cambridge. This woodcut appears in the first through fourth editions (1563, 1570, 1576, and 1583). Luborsky and Ingram 11222/47, 11223/94. JPEG file (3.11 MB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Pope Alexander III stands with his right foot pressed down upon the emperor's neck. A serpentine tongue extends from his mouth, while a bishop and cardinal look on. A cartouche in the lower right displays a conversation between the emperor ("Non tibi, sed Petro." ["Not to you, but to Peter"]) and the pope ("Et mihi, & Petro." ["Both to me and to Peter"]). A second cartouche sarcastically records the comments of the observers ("Super aspidem & basiliscum ambulabis, & conculcabis leonem & draconem." ["You will walk over the asp and basilisk and trample the lion and the dragon."]). This statement, which derives from Psalm 91:13, functions as a key to Foxe's text. The woodcut appears in the first through fourth editions (1563, 1570, 1576, and 1583) and is based on an illustration from Robert Barnes, Bapsttrew Hadriani iiii. und Alexanders iii. gegen keyser Friderichen Barbarossa geübt (Wittenberg, 1545). It appears in the first edition (1563) as a paste-in. Luborsky and Ingram 11222/2, 11223/2. JPEG file (3.52 MB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Bishop Bonner (identified xylographically as "Bonner.") sits with three other priests and burns Tomkins's hand. A fourth man observes, and a fifth glances away. In the OSU copy of the 1563 version of the illustration (pictured here), someone has torn out Bonner's face in an apparent act of defacement. This woodcut appears in the first through fourth editions (1563, 1570, 1576, and 1583). Tomkins suffers martyrdom in "Martyr burns at the stake (5)" in this collection. Luborsky and Ingram 11222/28, 11223/63. JPEG file (1 MB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Soldiers prepare to light the fire that will consume Barnes, Garret, and Jerome, who stand among faggots. This execution transpires at Smithfield, a location outside London wall that witnessed heresy executions during the reigns of Henry VIII and Mary I. A richly dressed man supervises from horseback, and some among a large crowd observe in alarm. This woodcut appears in the first through fourth editions (1563, 1570, 1576, and 1583). Luborsky and Ingram 11222/20, 11223/52. JPEG file (1.05 MB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Flesh melts away from the nearly consumed Hooper ("Lord Iesu receiue my soul" ["Lord Jesus receive my soul"]), who burns in flames. A worker tends the fire, and a richly dressed man supervises the execution from horseback. A semicircle of soldiers and civilians surrounds the scene. Among these observers, a woman weeps and a man crosses his hands over his chest. The skeletal remains of Hooper's limbs are visible in the fire. This woodcut appears in the first through fourth editions (1563, 1570, 1576, and 1583). Luborsky and Ingram 11222/25, 11223/61. JPEG file (1.09 MB).