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Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Two guards roast a naked man, whom they have bound to a spit. One of the guards ladles vinegar and salt over the martyr. The bucket containing the vinegar-salt mixture rests at the guard's right knee. [Cartouche: "The rosting of Christians at a low fire, with vineger and salt poured upo[n] their members.78." / "The roasting of Christians at a low fire, with vinegar and salt poured upon their members. 78."]. This woodcut appears on the "Table of the Ten First Persecutions of the Primitive Church" foldout illustration in the second (1570) and fourth (1583) editions. Luborsky and Ingram 11223/1A (detail). JPEG file (622 KB). and "MD" (see "Soldiers drag two Christians by ropes" in this collection). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: "MD" (see "Soldiers drag two Christians by ropes" in this collection). and Two men hang by the waist from a gallows. The man on the left is clothed in loincloth and hangs facing upward, while the man on the right hangs facing downward. (Cartouche: "Some ha[n]ged by the middles. &c.79." ["Some hanged by the middles, etc. 79."]). This woodcut appears on the "Table of the Ten First Persecutions of the Primitive Church" foldout illustration in the second (1570) and fourth (1583) editions. Luborsky and Ingram 11223/1A (detail). JPEG file (211 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: "MD" (see "Soldiers drag two Christians by ropes" in this collection). and A man dressed in loincloth lies chained to a wooden platform. Workers with shirt sleeves rolled up lacerate the man by scraping shells across his body. One worker lifts the man's head by the beard. (Cartouche: "Christians scraped with sharpe shelles.79." ["Christians scraped with sharp shells. 79."]). This woodcut appears on the "Table of the Ten First Persecutions of the Primitive Church" foldout illustration in the second (1570) and fourth (1583) editions. Luborsky and Ingram 11223/1A (detail). JPEG file (315 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: "A most exact Table of the first ten Persecutions of the Primitiue [Primitive] Church vnder the Heathen Tyrants of Rome," followed in smaller type by: "continuing the space of allmost [almost] three hundred years after Christ from ye time of Tiberius unto Constantius Emperors of the said Empire with the sundry kinds of torments devised against the Christians and executed upon them.” This tipped-in insert illustrates thirty-four scenes of torture of early Christians under the Roman empire. Headings for the scenes with page number on which the scene is described include (from left to right) : "Christians brains beaten out with Maulls 49; Hanged by the middle 87; Tormented with trees 87; Their hands and feet cut off 37; Forced to thrust their hands in the fyre [fire] 85; Stoned to death 42; Torso on bull hornes 53; Hang’d by the neck and heels 87; Cast to swine to be devoured 109; Scraped with shells 87; Stab’d with forks 38; Thrust through with swords 87; Marturns and Sanctus burned with an iron chaire 52; Hanging by one hand and stretching out their joints 88; Their bones broken with batts [bats] 65; Searing of womens breasts 69; Some burnt with their entralls torne out 46; Christians left hamms Seared 89; Christians roasted pouring vinegar and salt on their members 86; Christians torne in pieces with wild horses 65; Christians burnt in furnace 42; Christians beaten with cudgels for not worshipping 105; St. Peter hang’d on the cross 38; Here they are flead [flayed] alive 38; Here their tongues are cut out 138; Christians most cruelly thrust through 50; Christians right eyes being burned out 92; Christians drag’d through the streets 109; Christians thrust under the nailes [nails] with sharp tacks 88; With an Engyne [engine] they are beheaded 88; Christians burned in their temple men, women and children 87; St. Lawrence ("This side is now roasted, turne me O tyrant great") laid on the gridiron 79; Christians driven up the mountain and thrown down on sharp tacks 45; Christians put in vessel to boil 39." The text at the bottom of the page details Foxe's interpretation of the Book of Revelations: "The 42 Monthes in the Revelation of St. John Expounded." This image is significantly redesigned and reduced in scope from the similar woodcut (Luborsky and Ingram 11223/1A) which appeared in the first (1570) and fourth (1583) early English editions. JPEG file (1.62 MB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: "MD" (see "Soldiers drag two Christians by ropes" in this collection). and A man dressed in loincloth burns in an iron chair. A soldier tends the fire beneath the man, who gazes upward and extends his hands outward in helplessness. (Cartouche: "Maturus & Sanctus fried in an yron chaire. 47." ["Martyrs and saints fried in an iron chair. 47."]). This woodcut appears on the "Table of the Ten First Persecutions of the Primitive Church" foldout illustration in the second (1570) and fourth (1583) editions. Luborsky and Ingram 11223/1A (detail). JPEG file (406 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: "MD" (see "Soldiers drag two Christians by ropes" in this collection). and Four men stand bound to a pole. Three men are clothed in loincloth, and the fourth stands with his back to the viewer. The man on the far right looks upward, and two of the men wear crowns of thorns. A soldier drives a spear into one of the men, whose blood flows. (Cartouche: "The Christians most cruelly thrust through.89." ["The Christians most cruelly thrust through. 89."]). This woodcut appears on the "Table of the Ten First Persecutions of the Primitive Church" foldout illustration in the second (1570) and fourth (1583) editions. Luborsky and Ingram 11223/1A (detail). JPEG file (502 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Wielding clubs in their right hands, two men attack three Christians (men and women) for refusing to worship the idol that sits behind them. Two of the victims raise their arms, and a third raises his right hand above his head and points upward. (Cartouche: "The Christians beaten with coudgils for not worshipping the Idoll.64." ["The Christians beat with cudgels for not worshipping the Idol. 64."]). This woodcut appears on the "Table of the Ten First Persecutions of the Primitive Church" foldout illustration in the second (1570) and fourth (1583) editions. Luborsky and Ingram 11223/1A (detail). JPEG file (514 KB). and "MD" (see "Soldiers drag two Christians by ropes" in this collection). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: "MD" (see "Soldiers drag two Christians by ropes" in this collection) and A man hangs chained from a tree by his left arm. He is dressed in loincloth. Two torturers stoop and crush his toes with pinching instruments. (Cartouche: "The Christians hangyng by one hand, and stretchyng out their ioyntes. 80.126." ["The Christians hanging by one hand, and stretching out their joints. 80. 126."]). This woodcut appears on the "Table of the Ten First Persecutions of the Primitive Church" foldout illustration in the second (1570) and fourth (1583) editions. Luborsky and Ingram 11223/1A (detail). JPEG file (352 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: "MD" (see "Soldiers drag two Christians by ropes" in this collection). and Six individuals attempt to escape an oblong-shaped domed building as it burns. Some of them are clothed, some are partially clothed, and some are naked. At the base of the building, two guards impale a man as he tries to escape. A second man leaps from the building through an upper window, toward the lit brands carried by two other guards beneath. (Cartouche: "Here the faithfull Christians are most cruelly burned in their Temple to the number of twenty thousand, both me[n], women, and children. 78." ["Here the faithful Christians are most cruelly burned in their Temple to the number of twenty thousand, both men, women, and children. 78."]). This woodcut appears on the "Table of the Ten First Persecutions of the Primitive Church" foldout illustration in the second (1570) and fourth (1583) editions. Luborsky and Ingram 11223/1A (detail). JPEG file (1.39 MB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: "MD" (see "Soldiers drag two Christians by ropes" in this collection). and Cassian, a fourth-century ascetic, stands bound to a stake and dressed in loincloth. Four youths attack him with penknives that they hold in their right hands, and Cassian bleeds. (Cartouche: "Cassianus stabbed in with penkniues by his owne scholers. 92. 93." ["Cassian stabbed in with penknives by his own scholars [i.e., students]. 92. 93."]). This woodcut appears on the "Table of the Ten First Persecutions of the Primitive Church" foldout illustration in the second (1570) and fourth (1583) editions. Luborsky and Ingram 11223/1A (detail). JPEG file (346 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: A clothed martyr kneels in a guillotine, and a soldier raises its blade to behead him. The martyr's hands are bound behind his back, and the soldier braces himself against the guillotine. (Cartouche: "Here with a certayne engine they are beheaded. 66.128." ["Here with a certain engine they are beheaded. 66. 128."]). This woodcut appears on the "Table of the Ten First Persecutions of the Primitive Church" foldout illustration in the second (1570) and fourth (1583) editions. Luborsky and Ingram 11223/1A (detail). JPEG file (385 KB). and "MD" (see "Soldiers drag two Christians by ropes" in this collection). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Wielding branding irons, two men sear the breasts of two topless women. The women stand bound to a stake, and a nearby fire heats additional irons. (Cartouche: "The searyng of wo=mens brestes.95." ["The searing of women's breasts. 95."]). This woodcut appears on the "Table of the Ten First Persecutions of the Primitive Church" foldout illustration in the second (1570) and fourth (1583) editions. Luborsky and Ingram 11223/1A (detail). JPEG file (714 KB). and "MD" (see "Soldiers drag two Christians by ropes" in this collection). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Two soldiers each drag a man along the ground on his back. The men are bound with rope. The soldier in the foreground raises his rope above his head with his right hand and pulls the Christian by the wrists, while the Christian looks upward. A second soldier drags a second man by the ankles, while that man prays. Both martyrs are dressed in loincloth. Located just to the right of the soldiers, the initials "MD" provide a clue to the designer of "Table of the Ten First Persecutions of the Primitive Church" and other Foxe woodcut illustrations. The same initials appear on "Martyrs burn outside Windsor Castle" in this collection. (Cartouche: "Christians dragged through the streetes.37.78." ["Christians dragged through the streets. 37. 78."]). This woodcut appears on the "Table of the Ten First Persecutions of the Primitive Church" foldout illustration in the second (1570) and fourth (1583) editions. Luborsky and Ingram 11223/1A (detail). JPEG file (595 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: "MD" (see "Soldiers drag two Christians by ropes" in this collection). and Martyrs burn at the stake on top of an open furnace. The martyrs are dressed in loincloth, and a worker fuels the furnace from below. (Cartouche: "Christia[n]s burned in a fornace. 34. 63." ["Christians burned in a furnace. 34. 63."]). This woodcut appears on the "Table of the Ten First Persecutions of the Primitive Church" foldout illustration in the second (1570) and fourth (1583) editions. Luborsky and Ingram 11223/1A (detail). JPEG file (520 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: "MD" (see "Soldiers drag two Christians by ropes" in this collection). and A bound man dressed in loincloth lies on his back, and a guard crouches over him and drills out his left eye. A second man, also dressed in loincloth, lies bound on his back, while a second guard sears that man's left thigh with a branding iron. A fire heats other irons in the rear. (Cartouche "The Christians right eyes bored out, and searyng of their left hammes.82." ["The Christians' right eyes bored out, and searing of their left hams. 82."]). This woodcut appears on the "Table of the Ten First Persecutions of the Primitive Church" foldout illustration in the second (1570) and fourth (1583) editions. Luborsky and Ingram 11223/1A (detail). JPEG file (610 KB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: "MD" (see "Soldiers drag two Christians by ropes" in this collection). and Four martyrs sit back to back in a vat of hot oil, two of them gazing upward in prayer. A soldier pours a ladle of heated oil over the martyrs, and a second soldier pumps a bellows beneath the vat. A turbaned emperor speaks to a richly dressed man at his left, while a group of soldiers and others observes (one of whom gazes upward). (Cartouche: "Christians put in a vessellofboylyngoyle. 36." ["Christians put in a vessel of boiling oil. 36."]). This woodcut appears on the "Table of the Ten First Persecutions of the Primitive Church" foldout illustration in the second (1570) and fourth (1583) editions. Luborsky and Ingram 11223/1A (detail). JPEG file (1.32 MB). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Four horses are fastened to four separate harnesses, each of which is connected to the limb of a martyr. The man is dressed in loincloth. Two soldiers whip the horses, which pull the man apart. (Cartouche: "The Christians drawne in peeces with wild horses. 79." ["The Christians drawn in pieces with [i.e., by] wild horses. 79."]). This woodcut appears on the "Table of the Ten First Persecutions of the Primitive Church" foldout illustration in the second (1570) and fourth (1583) editions. Luborsky and Ingram 11223/1A (detail). JPEG file (648 KB). and "MD" (see "Soldiers drag two Christians by ropes" in this collection). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: A martyr stands bound to a stake and dressed in loincloth. A soldier, whose sleeves are rolled up, flays the martyr with a knife, which he wields in his right hand. As the soldier pulls away the man's skin, blood pours from the wound. The martyr gazes upward. (Cartouche: "Here their skins are pluckt of alyue.92.90." ["Here their skins are plucked off alive. 92. 90."]). This woodcut appears on the "Table of the Ten First Persecutions of the Primitive Church" foldout illustration in the second (1570) and fourth (1583) editions. Luborsky and Ingram 11223/1A (detail). JPEG file (355 KB). and "MD" (see "Soldiers drag two Christians by ropes" in this collection). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: This three-page woodcut insert illustrates thirty-five distinct scenes of torture and suffering. Foxe titles the composite image, "A Table of the X. first Persecutions of the Primitiue Church vnder the Heathen Tyrannes of Rome" ["A table of the ten first persecutions of the primitive church under the heathen tyrants of Rome"]. Workers at John Day's printing house employed just three woodblocks to create the image, which contains three segments pasted together. Speeches attributed to martyrs in individual scenes are keyed to locations in Foxe's text. The longer passage that runs across the bottom of the image explains Foxe's apocalyptic perspective on Christian history. The composite image illustrates martyrdoms spanned by the reigns of emperors Tiberius and Constantine I. The greatly expanded second edition (1570) of the Book of Martyrs, in which this insert first appears, begins its account with these martyrs, in a deliberate act of historical appropriation whereby Foxe reconstructs the deaths of early Christians as proto-Protestant martyrdoms. This woodcut also appears in the fourth edition (1583), but it does not appear in the first (1563) or third (1576) editions. Because it could easily be removed and posted on walls or posts, the illustration is frequently missing in surviving copies of the work. Of all Foxe illustrations, it is perhaps the scarcest to survive to the present day. Luborsky and Ingram 11223/1A. JPEG file (17.9 MB). and "MD" (see "Soldiers drag two Christians by ropes" in this collection). -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Two soldiers prepare to throw a bound man into a den of leopards. The leopards feed on a second man, who is also bound, and prowl in hunger. The image's cartouche identifies one of these martyrs as St. Ignatius of Antioch, who perished at Rome. (Cartouche: "Ignatius & others thrown to the Libardes.79." ["Ignatius and others thrown to the leopards. 79."]). This woodcut appears on the "Table of the Ten First Persecutions of the Primitive Church" foldout illustration in the second (1570) and fourth (1583) editions. Luborsky and Ingram 11223/1A (detail). JPEG file (536 KB). and "MD" (see "Soldiers drag two Christians by ropes" in this collection).